Microscopic Origin of Heisenberg and Non-Heisenberg Exchange Interactions in Ferromagnetic bcc Fe

Abstract

By means of first principles calculations, we investigate the nature of exchange coupling in ferromagnetic bcc Fe on a microscopic level. Analyzing the basic electronic structure reveals a drastic difference between the 3d orbitals of Eg and T2g symmetries. The latter ones define the shape of the Fermi surface, while the former ones form weakly interacting impurity levels. We demonstrate that, as a result of this, in Fe the T2g orbitals participate in exchange interactions, which are only weakly dependent on the configuration of the spin moments and thus can be classified as Heisenberg-like. These couplings are shown to be driven by Fermi surface nesting. In contrast, for the Eg states, the Heisenberg picture breaks down since the corresponding contribution to the exchange interactions is shown to strongly depend on the reference state they are extracted from. Our analysis of the nearest-neighbor coupling indicates that the interactions among Eg states are mainly proportional to the corresponding hopping integral and thus can be attributed to be of double-exchange origin. By making a comparison to other magnetic transition metals, we put the results of bcc Fe into context and argue that iron has a unique behavior when it comes to magnetic exchange interactions. © 2016 American Physical Society.