Вокализации детей и птиц: опыт сравнения (к постановке проблемы)

Abstract

Сравнительное рассмотрение младенческих и птичьих вокализаций предпринято автором в интердисциплинарном поле музыкознания, биоакустики и психологии на базе аудио- и нотных материалов. По итогам исследования сформулирован вывод о сходстве названных явлений в структурном, семантическом и коммуникативном аспектах. Полученные результаты могут найти применение при изучении проблемы параллелизмов в эволюционном развитии интонирования, всестороннее осмысление которой является задачей будущих научных изысканий. Книга адресована музыковедам, биоакустикам, психологам, изучающим звуковое поведение детей и птиц.

There exist two systems of non-verbal acoustic communication, which is characterized by exceptional intonational richness and diversity. Such are the spheres of sound behavior of babies and birds. However, it turned out, besides the named, the most common feature, they have some other common features. For the first time the purposeful and comparative study of the designated areas in the interdisciplinary field of musicology, bioacoustics and psychology on the basis of audio and music materials led to the conclusion that there are structural coincidences in the infant and bird melodic signals. In the course of the study from a complex of sounds on a number of grounds were singled out and systematized according to types of melodic circuits the smallest syntactic units of vocalizations. As a result it became possible to find out that the whole set of detected stereotyped melodic cells correlate with eight models (melodemas), such as scream, ascent, descent, wave, zigzag, pendulum, leap, rehearsal. Typologically onomatopoeia is also related to the components of the explored «vocabularies». Probably, the good reason of the marked similarity is the proximity of the genetic mechanisms of human speech and bird singing. This pattern was discovered by the participants of a largescale international scientific project, who found 55 matching genes, establishing connections between the cortex and the vocal tract and changing their activity in that period, when the child learns to speak, and the bird – to sing. It is symptomatic that melodic formulas, similar to those, that are presented in infant and bird voice signals: fanfare, framing, stepped, swing, or pendulum, – recorded in the folklore of different peoples and composerʼs creativity of various historical periods modern as well. From what has been told, it follows that in this case we are dealing with universals, regulating the organization of melodies in many, and directly unrelated to each other acoustic spheres. The similarity can be observed in the syntax of the compared acoustic forms, where the integral structure includes multi-scaled constructions of three levels: syntagmas – tirades – syntactic whole in glossolalia, elements – phrases – stanzas in bird songs. There are also found analogies in the relationship of semantics and the structure of the considered sound signals,. Structural units of melodies in both cases demonstrate the wide-zoned nature of semantics, and only in the ensemble with a timbre, register, loudness, tempo, rhythm they are filled with certain information of the main psychosomatic properties. Finally, about the presence of common points concerning the functioning of vocalizations of children and birds in the communicative context, here many facts testify to the inclusion of voice responses in the composition of holistic behavioral complexes, the differentiation of sound behavior between utilitarian and symbolic ones, the implementation of identical functions – situational and signaling, possession of duet and group forms of sound contacts, an identical direction of evolution in ontogenesis, that enrich the circle of acquired inherited traits. All these facts, concerning the most complicated problem of evolutionary parallels in the development of intonation, require further comprehensive reflection in the field of interdisciplinary research.