Pholidosis Abnormalities and Injuries in the European Pond Turtle (Emys orbicularis) in the Conditions of the Khopersky Nature Reserve

Abstract

Pholidosis abnormalities and injuries were studied through 194 specimens of European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) in the Khopersky nature reserve (Voronezh Province, Russia) in 2008, 2009 and 2011. Six types of abnormalities (on the carapace only) were detected. The occurrence of individuals with all types of abnormalities, the partial occurrence of various abnormalities and the average number of abnormalities per individual were analyzed. Most individuals showed signs of predator attack, mostly on the carapace and tail. During winter hibernation, animals with limb injuries were noted.